內窺鏡在200年多年的發展過程中結構發生了4次大的改進，從初的硬管式內窺鏡(1806-1932)、半曲式內窺鏡(1932-1957)到纖維內窺鏡(1957以后)，又到如今的電子內窺鏡(1983年以后)。影像質量也發生了一次次質的飛躍。
During the development of endoscope for more than 200 years, the structure has been greatly improved four times, from the initial hard tube endoscope (1806-1932), semi curved endoscope (1932-1957), fiber endoscope (after 1957) to today's electronic endoscope (after 1983). Image quality has also undergone a qualitative leap again and again.
其常見的相關故障分析：
Common related fault analysis:
(1)光源系統常見的故障
(1) Common faults of light source system
(a)光線發暗。排除了是光柵遮擋的原因外，基本可以肯定是燈泡接近使用壽命，更換新燈泡則可。氙光燈泡的使用壽命一般設計在500小時，如果光源系統有壽命計時裝置，這個問題就很容易。
(a) The light darkened. Excluding the reason that the grating is blocked, it is basically certain that the bulb is close to its service life, and it can be replaced with a new bulb. The service life of xenon light bulb is generally designed at 500 hours. If the light source system has a life timer, this problem can be easily solved.
(b)開機燈泡不亮。如果排除了燒掉燈泡這個原因的話，那么問題常常就出在主機高壓點火電路部分，因為開機的時候機器會產生上萬伏特的脈沖高壓，元件會老化得特別快。注意此時不能用萬用表去檢查脈沖高壓。
(b) The power on bulb does not light up. If the reason of burning the bulb is eliminated, the problem often lies in the high-voltage ignition circuit of the host, because the machine will produce tens of thousands of volts of pulse high voltage when starting up, and the components will age very fast. Note that the pulse high voltage cannot be checked with a multimeter at this time.

(2)人工氣腹系統常見的故障
(2) Common faults of artificial pneumoperitoneum system
(a)壓力顯示不正確。這多是氣體壓力傳感器損壞，如果機器設計有一組多個壓差壓力傳感器同時工作的，一般一個老化或者污染無法工作的時候，我們要把這組傳感器全部更換，否則只換其中一個，其他的同組的傳感器壽命也接近臨界了。
(a) The pressure display is incorrect. This is mostly due to the damage of gas pressure sensors. If the machine is designed to have a group of multiple differential pressure sensors working at the same time, generally when an aging or pollution can not work, we should replace all the sensors in this group, otherwise only one of them will be replaced, and the service life of other sensors in the same group will be close to the critical point.
(b)流量不準確。氣體流量傳感器損壞更換即可。有時候是通過壓差來計算流量的，這時候我們就要更換新的壓差傳感器。
(b) The flow is not accurate. If the gas flow sensor is damaged, replace it. Sometimes the flow is calculated by differential pressure. At this time, we need to replace the differential pressure sensor.
(c)設備漏氣。很多情況是器械密封圈老化而引起的。但也有設備機械減壓閥漏氣和電磁閥損壞的原因，這個比較容易判斷出并對其進行修復。
(c) The equipment leaks. Many cases are caused by the aging of the sealing ring of the instrument. However, there are also reasons for air leakage of mechanical pressure reducing valve and damage of solenoid valve, which is easier to judge and repair.
(3)液體加壓系統常見的故障
(3) Common faults of liquid pressurization system
(a)蠕動泵損壞。
(a) The peristaltic pump is damaged.
(b)液體壓力傳感器損壞。其原理基本與氣體壓力傳感器相同。
(b) The liquid pressure sensor is damaged. Its principle is basically the same as that of gas pressure sensor.
(c)設備內部電路損壞。
(c) The internal circuit of the equipment is damaged.
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